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Facing the basic situation of poor ventilation efficiency caused by the influence of construction environment on the design of industrial ventilation ducts, this paper takes the construction of industrial environment and the professional development of industrial design as the basic starting point, summarizes the basic situation and existing problems of the design of ventilation ducts, Provide basic guarantee for the sustainable development of industrial production and environmental engineering.

1 工業(yè)通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計目的

(1) design purpose of industrial ventilation pipeline

因為工業(yè)環(huán)境具有復(fù)雜性，所以在設(shè)計工業(yè)通風(fēng)管道時就要結(jié)合各項因素，全面地進(jìn)行考慮，事先做好準(zhǔn)備工作，保證通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計的合理性。通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計的目的如下：首先，排除污染物。針對工藝制造中產(chǎn)生的污染物，符合國家衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的污染物可直接通過通風(fēng)管道進(jìn)行排除，而具備有害因子的污染物則可以排送到專門的污染物處理處進(jìn)行凈化，等處理達(dá)標(biāo)后再排出。其次，輸送。包括具有一定濕度或溫度、新鮮的空氣等，將其輸送到指定區(qū)域內(nèi)，如紡織廠、造紙廠等對溫度或濕度有需求的工業(yè)區(qū)域，以滿足工藝制造對環(huán)境的需求，同時也創(chuàng)造一種舒適的工作環(huán)境。，置換。從通風(fēng)管道補充工業(yè)環(huán)境內(nèi)部空氣的不足，維持室內(nèi)空氣壓力的平衡，避免外界污染空氣進(jìn)入對工作環(huán)境或產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量造成不良影響?；蛘咄ㄟ^通風(fēng)管道對室內(nèi)排出，及對室外新鮮空氣的送入，以達(dá)到凈化空氣或調(diào)溫的效果。

Because of the complexity of the industrial environment, it is necessary to consider all factors comprehensively when designing the industrial ventilation duct, and make preparations in advance to ensure the rationality of the ventilation duct design. The purpose of ventilation duct design is as follows: first, remove pollutants. For the pollutants produced in the process manufacturing, the pollutants meeting the national health standards can be directly discharged through the ventilation pipe, while the pollutants with harmful factors can be discharged to the special pollutant treatment place for purification, and then discharged after the treatment meets the standards. Secondly, transportation. It includes certain humidity or temperature, fresh air, etc., which are transported to designated areas, such as textile mills, paper mills and other industrial areas with temperature or humidity requirements, to meet the environmental requirements of process manufacturing and create a comfortable working environment. Finally, displacement. Make up for the shortage of internal air in the industrial environment through the ventilation duct, maintain the balance of indoor air pressure, and avoid the adverse impact of external polluted air on the working environment or product quality. Or the indoor air is discharged through the ventilation pipe and the outdoor fresh air is sent in to achieve the effect of purifying air or regulating temperature.

2 工業(yè)通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計常見方式

(2) common ways of industrial ventilation pipe design

隨著社會工業(yè)化的深入發(fā)展，工業(yè)類通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計也存在著諸多類別，不同的生產(chǎn)情況，對作業(yè)環(huán)境需求也各不相同。例如：化工類作業(yè)，由于此類作業(yè)過程中極易產(chǎn)生帶有害因子的氣體，因此通風(fēng)管道常以凈化空氣等需求為主；而電子類作業(yè)，則以調(diào)溫控濕為主。更終結(jié)合其作用的范圍、有無動力系統(tǒng)等，可劃分為以下五種方式。（1）全面通風(fēng)。全面通風(fēng)，細(xì)分為稀釋、單向流通、均勻流通、置換四種方式。旨在對工業(yè)區(qū)域的整體面積進(jìn)行空氣流通或置換，將整個空間面積中危害因素較小、濃度較低，或是多余的濕氣、熱氣等稀釋、排除至衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值之下，確?？諝獾臐崈舳取＃?）局部通風(fēng)。局部通風(fēng)，又分為兩種：局部送風(fēng)、局部排風(fēng)。主要是利用局部的空氣流通，達(dá)到凈化空氣，降低危害因素帶來不良影響的目的。（3）機(jī)械通風(fēng)。通過動力系統(tǒng)，憑借風(fēng)機(jī)引起的氣壓，促使空氣流通與置換。常見于化工類工業(yè)，能夠?qū)⑹覂?nèi)有毒有害污染物從機(jī)械通風(fēng)管道迅速排出到指定處理區(qū)域進(jìn)行分解凈化。（4）自然通風(fēng)。自然通風(fēng)，顧名思義是一種憑借室外風(fēng)力形成的風(fēng)壓，以及室內(nèi)外空氣溫差所引起的熱壓下的空氣流通，是以自然因素為依托的無動力通風(fēng)方式。因自然因素存在不穩(wěn)定性，故被工業(yè)單獨采用的情況較少，常與其他方式結(jié)合來使用。（5）事故通風(fēng)。事故通風(fēng)，是工業(yè)中非常特殊的一類通風(fēng)方式，通常是因工業(yè)事故而造成的有大量毒害污染物，或有爆炸隱患的氣體或蒸汽存在時進(jìn)行排除或稀釋的一種通風(fēng)方式，旨在保證事故發(fā)生時，能夠有足夠可靠的通風(fēng)管道來應(yīng)對通風(fēng)換氣量。實際上，要想實現(xiàn)更全面的通風(fēng)效果，普遍會結(jié)合采用至少兩種通風(fēng)方式。

With the further development of social industrialization, there are many types of industrial ventilation duct design. Different production conditions have different demands on the working environment. For example, for chemical operations, since gases with harmful factors are easily generated in the process of such operations, the ventilation pipes are often mainly required to purify air; Electronic work is mainly temperature and humidity control. Finally, it can be divided into the following five modes according to the scope of its action and the presence or absence of power system. (1) Full ventilation. Comprehensive ventilation is divided into dilution, one-way flow, uniform flow and replacement. The purpose is to conduct air circulation or replacement on the whole area of the industrial area, dilute and exclude the small hazard factors, low concentration, or excess moisture, hot gas, etc. in the whole space area to the limit value of the health standard, and ensure the cleanliness of the air. (2) Local ventilation. Local ventilation is divided into two types: local air supply and local exhaust. It is mainly to use local air circulation to purify the air and reduce the adverse effects caused by hazardous factors. (3) Mechanical ventilation. Through the power system, the air circulation and replacement are promoted by the air pressure caused by the fan. Commonly used in chemical industry, it can quickly discharge indoor toxic and harmful pollutants from the mechanical ventilation pipe to the designated treatment area for decomposition and purification. (4) Natural ventilation. Natural ventilation, as its name implies, is an air circulation under the wind pressure formed by the outdoor wind force and the thermal pressure caused by the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air. It is a non dynamic ventilation mode based on natural factors. Due to the instability of natural factors, it is rarely used by industry alone and often combined with other methods. (5) Accident ventilation. Accident ventilation is a very special type of ventilation mode in industry. It is usually a ventilation mode to eliminate or dilute a large number of toxic pollutants or gas or steam with explosion potential caused by industrial accidents. It aims to ensure that there are enough reliable ventilation pipes to cope with the ventilation volume in case of accidents. In fact, in order to achieve a more comprehensive ventilation effect, at least two ventilation modes are generally combined.

3 工業(yè)通風(fēng)管道設(shè)計中常見問題

(3) common problems in industrial ventilation pipeline design

(1）通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)劃分問題。部分工廠出于私利或圖方便，往往統(tǒng)一劃分為一個系統(tǒng)，不僅不能達(dá)到很好的通風(fēng)效果，還為工廠作業(yè)埋下了安全隱患。當(dāng)工業(yè)區(qū)域面積較廣，安置多個排送風(fēng)點時，可設(shè)計統(tǒng)一連接的管理系統(tǒng)，將總臺風(fēng)機(jī)和多項排風(fēng)點形成一個整體。而系統(tǒng)的劃分則可以結(jié)合工業(yè)生產(chǎn)性質(zhì)、流程、時間、運行參數(shù)，以及對空氣、濕度、溫度的需求等因素，相同或類似的可劃分為一個系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一管理，而兩種易混合且混合后會產(chǎn)生更大毒害性的氣體，或易引發(fā)火災(zāi)、爆炸的氣體，就務(wù)必不能劃分為一個系統(tǒng)，而應(yīng)設(shè)計獨立的通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)[5]。

(1) Division of ventilation system. Some factories are often divided into one system for self-interest or convenience, which not only fails to achieve good ventilation effect, but also lays hidden dangers for factory operations. When the industrial area is large and multiple exhaust and supply points are arranged, a unified and connected management system can be designed to form a whole with the total fan and multiple exhaust points. The division of the system can be combined with the industrial production nature, process, time, operating parameters, as well as the demand for air, humidity, temperature and other factors. The same or similar can be divided into one system for unified management. However, the two gases that are easy to mix and will produce more toxic gases after mixing, or the gases that are easy to cause fire and explosion, must not be divided into one system, and an independent ventilation system should be designed [5].

(2）通風(fēng)管道選材與斷面形狀問題。管道的材料與斷面形狀是實現(xiàn)工業(yè)管道通風(fēng)良好效益的根源所在，一旦選錯材料或形狀，不僅會對工業(yè)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的美觀造成破壞，還會達(dá)不到通風(fēng)的效果與目的，甚至?xí)虿牧系牟贿^關(guān)，在通風(fēng)管道的使用階段埋下安全隱患。一方面，要選擇正確的管道材料。例如：在熔化爐周邊，就要考慮到耐高溫的屬性，選擇耐熱耐磨性較高的合金鋼。另一方面，選擇適合的管道斷面的形狀也尤為關(guān)鍵。一般而言，圓形更適合具有高速流動要求的管道；而管道斷面大時，選擇矩形較為合適，對提高空間的利用率也有輔助作用。

(2) Material selection and section shape of ventilation duct. The material and cross-sectional shape of the pipeline are the root of achieving good ventilation benefits of the industrial pipeline. Once the wrong material or shape is selected, it will not only damage the beauty of the industrial building structure, but also fail to achieve the ventilation effect and purpose, and even bury hidden dangers in the use stage of the ventilation pipeline due to the poor materials. On the one hand, the correct pipe material should be selected. For example, around the melting furnace, alloy steel with high heat resistance and wear resistance should be selected in consideration of its high temperature resistance. On the other hand, it is particularly critical to select the appropriate shape of the pipe section. Generally speaking, circular is more suitable for pipes with high-speed flow requirements; When the pipeline section is large, it is appropriate to select a rectangle, which also plays an auxiliary role in improving the utilization of space.

(3）通風(fēng)管道的布局問題。通風(fēng)管道的布局需要盡可能便捷，保持管道的順直，同時還可以將用于調(diào)節(jié)和檢測的設(shè)備安裝到通風(fēng)管道中，以便對通風(fēng)管道的運行進(jìn)行實時、系統(tǒng)的管理。此外，還需要根據(jù)實際的通風(fēng)需求來進(jìn)行設(shè)計，如當(dāng)輸送的氣體中含有液體時，就可以將通風(fēng)管道布局為斜坡狀，進(jìn)而達(dá)到消除積液的目的。

(3) Layout of ventilation ducts. The layout of the ventilation duct needs to be as convenient as possible to keep the duct straight. At the same time, the equipment used for adjustment and detection can be installed in the ventilation duct to facilitate real-time and systematic management of the operation of the ventilation duct. In addition, it also needs to be designed according to the actual ventilation needs. For example, when the transported gas contains liquid, the ventilation duct can be arranged in a slope shape to eliminate the accumulation of liquid.

(4）通風(fēng)管道的溫度平衡問題。通風(fēng)管道的溫度平衡問題方面是非常重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)，一旦設(shè)計不合理，就極容易造成管道因溫度過高或過低，或是長期處于潮濕的環(huán)境中而造成管道破裂等問題發(fā)生。尤其是由于通風(fēng)管道在運行過程中會帶來熱量、冷量、能量的大量消耗，因此對通風(fēng)管道的控溫結(jié)構(gòu)就有著較高的要求，通常包含保溫、防潮、保護(hù)層三層防護(hù)。保溫層是管道的核心，防潮則是為了避免管道材料與水、水蒸氣的接觸，而保護(hù)層則是對保溫層與防潮層加以保護(hù)，避免其損壞。

(4) Temperature balance of ventilation duct. The temperature balance of the ventilation pipe is a very important link. Once the design is unreasonable, it is very easy to cause the pipe rupture due to the high or low temperature of the pipe or the long-term humid environment. In particular, because the ventilation pipe will cause a large consumption of heat, cooling capacity and energy during operation, there are high requirements for the temperature control structure of the ventilation pipe, which usually includes three layers of protection: thermal insulation, moisture-proof and protective layer. The insulation layer is the core of the pipeline. The moisture-proof layer is to avoid the contact of the pipeline material with water and steam, while the protective layer is to protect the insulation layer and moisture-proof layer from damage.

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